What kind of physics? I’m assuming mechanics? If so, you would probably need to know some basic geometry and/or how to figure out how to use trig functions. not just how to plug-in values, but when are they appropriate and when you should reach for something else.
You would have to be a little bit more specific concerning calculus. You shouldn’t need visuals, and when you do, they can easily be substituted for a mathematical function. I think the tricky part is going to be volumes of solids by revolution, if you cover that, but everything else should be fine. Everything can be done analytically, you might just need to do a little bit more algebra than your sighted counterparts, at least at first. with all that being said, you need a Strawn understanding of algebra. That’s like 75% of calculus. The actual stuff you learn is not bad. People fail because they don’t know, say, exponent rules. I would recommend using open stacks to brush up on that, coincidently they also have physics textbooks.

Is this the U.S.? How much help can you rely on from the college?

I'm sort of guessing it's not because I'm not aware of a U.S. college that'd let you skip 4 classes and accidentally end up in calculus, but...

I recommend you get a good grasp of some basic visual concepts. Like what does a Sine function look like. Random example, I know. But I'm short on time in writing this.
Really you should have a good grasp of Algebra, Geometry, even Precalculus if that was offered at some point.
For Physics, you could rely on theory and equations. But sometimes it is better to have some kind of tactile aids to help with understanding shape of something, directionality, etc. That you might have to spend time with professors during office hours or something.
You won't need to have tactile/visual aids all the time. Just at the beginning if you don't already have those basics down. Then most of Calculus can be passed by relying on equations, patterns, etc. Better that you know how to mentalize certain things though, like slopes, etc.

@7
In U.S. universities you must take prerequisite classes before you can take a class.  This isn't optional even for the sighted--you either have the prereqs or are not permitted to sign up.

I would not be able to pass a calculus class given one semester and all of the topics you say you don't know.  You also did miss trigonometry on that list.   I'm not sure I could even self-teach all of those in the first place.

If you were at a U.S. school or university you'd not be able to take calculus for at least 2 years, and every single thing listed here is a class all its own.  While that perhaps seems like bullshit, it isn't.  And I'm not being blind specific either.  Sighted people couldn't do it unless they're math geniuses.  If you don't know those topics and only have a few months you're screwed unless you're way smarter than I think you are, as in at the "goes off and wins prizes" level.