It's already been said, but since you're going with the majority rules, Python seems to fit your requirements.
Math is pretty much going to pop up no matter what you're programming. Hell, even if you were programming a simple text editor you'd probably still have math pop up. You just aren't going to avoid that like you want. But the good news is, as long as you can do basic math, there's plenty of smart math people out there who have already developed the formulas you'll need. You just have to plug in the variables. You don't have to add and subtract things yourself. You just have to know how to tell the computer to do it for you in the right sequence. Remember: "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" and "Some Old Hippy Caught Another Hippy Tripping On Acid."
As for good documentation, all the languages out there pretty much have good documentation for common things and that documentation will get more dense the harder the task you're trying to do. There are a thousand and one easy to follow tutorials on basic loops and conditionals for every language out there, but not so much for 3D sound. The harder the task, the more you're going to have to learn. That's just the way it is for anything in life in general.
If you want simple tutorials for audio game development, you're going to be "DISAPPOINTED!". It's just something you're going to have to cobble together as you run into problems, and it's going to take some intuitive leaps on your part at times.
This forum is going to be the easiest place to find the bulk of the information you'll need, so I recommend you get really good at searching it. As you already said in the title, there's tons of threads of people who probably have had the same questions you will and the answers may be fifty or a hundred pages deep. Get used to reading and trying things that don't work right off the bat.
In fact, that's really good to know about programming in general. There's a thousand and one ways to do anything and a thousand of them probably won't work for you. So get used to that.
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