It's kind of both. Both texts comment on rulers, in various ways, quite a bit. But let's stick to Laozi and try to untangle this.
Look at the part about valuable objects. If you have a gold plate, let's say, and that's seen as valuable, what happens? Well, now you have more value, money for us basically, than other people. You're probably going to get things with that like status. Get enough of it, and you have more power to do stuff, buy more things, potentially influence people, you get the idea. Laozi's point is that once we set up something like that, this object is valuable or this material, e.g. gold, is valuable, we've now set up a situation where somebody has more value, and somebody doesn't.
What's going to happen, according to Laozi, is that people will want the valuable thingy. Now we've got problems. So what's the solution? Basically, don't have one. How do we do this? Keep people's bellies full, make them ignorant. But in order to understand this, you need to understand a bit about Daoism and Confucianism. In Confucianism, you're not a real human being until you're carved into shape by Confucian education. Confucian education has a lot of stuff about dealing with rulers. So right there, you're getting this thing, the ruler is superior to you and so on.
What Laozi is probably arguing for here is something like this.
1. Dualities can cause problems, valuable objects mean some people have less value and will want more value, in the form of said valuable objects for themselves.
2. But if you don't have the intellectual framework that gives rise to these valuable objects, you won't have the problem.
3. Keep people's bellies filled, i.e. give them economic security, and enhance this by not making valuable things that will make them ambitious to have said valuable things, and you'll have a better society.
However, here's a bit on duality from Ch. 1.
"3. The nameless is the beginning of the ten thousand things;
4. The named is the mother of the ten thousand things.
5. Therefore, those constantly without desires, by this means will perceive its subtlety.
6. Those constantly with desires, by this means will see only that which they yearn for and seek.
7. These two together emerge;
8. They have different names yet they're called the same;
9. That which is even more profound that the profound—
10. The gateway of all subtleties."
My understanding goes something like this. The nameless, i.e. the Dao, is where everything starts. But obviously, the ten thousand things have names, trees, cars, houses and so on. The named is the mother because that's kind of how we get things, we name them and differentiate them. But these aren't really things you can separate, because they're all part of the whole. But focusing on one of them, the named, will just lead you into desiring things, there's that problem again. Focusing on the nameless will let you get out of that and see things in a different way.
See how the political and spiritual are fitting together here? The political stuff, e.g. making objects valuable and the problems that result, is people focusing on desires. Not only are they focusing on the ten thousand things, they're saying that some things are more special than other things. And what are they getting out of it? More desires. Some people desire their valuable stuff. They desire to keep their valuable stuff, so now they have to figure out how to potentially fight off the people who want their desirable stuff. They're focusing on desires, and that's exactly what they're getting out of it. Say social, if you don't like political, but Laozi in the third chapter is, as I see it, extending this part of Ch. 1 into the real world. We have real world problems because of it, how do we solve them? Essentially what Laozi's saying is that if we're all making roughly the same decent living, I probably won't get pissed that my neighbor has forty gold statues in their house. Don't make them valuable, and who cares, it would be the same as if my neighbor had forty plastic statues painted gold in their house.
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"rabbid dog aggressive attitude" since 3035. THE SYSTEM IS TRAP!